Types of evaluation and testing techniques

Abstract

This paper aims to discuss types of evaluation and testing techniques. Firstly, evaluation comprises four key steps: the intention; the measurement; the appreciation (judgement) and, finally, the decision. The two main types of evaluation are: formative evaluation, directed towards an improvement of learning conditions; and summative evaluation, completed at the end of a cycle, course or program. In terms of timing, pedagogic evaluation can take place at the beginning of a training program; during a course, to identify gaps and propose solutions; after a shorter or longer while, to compare achievements versus planned objectives; at the end of a training program, to check completion of aims. Evaluation techniques cover communicative competences such as: linguistic aspects; socio-linguistic and cultural ones; discourse competence and strategic competence. Evaluation techniques can also be grouped as: objective and subjective techniques. The exploration of these elements is followed by the conclusion: presented techniques are to be adapted to students' diverse skills, taking into consideration the implications of the language in use.